Influenza virus has resurfaced recently from inactivity during the early stages of the COVID-
19 pandemic, raising serious concerns about the nature and magnitude of future epidemics …

Influenza virus circulates in human, avian, and swine hosts, causing seasonal epidemic and
occasional pandemic outbreaks. Influenza neuraminidase, a viral surface glycoprotein, has …

The influenza virus is surrounded by an envelope composed of a lipid bilayer and integral
membrane proteins. Understanding the structural dynamics of the membrane envelope …

Influenza A viruses are respiratory pathogens that cause seasonal epidemics with up to
500,000 deaths each year. Yet there are currently only two classes of antivirals licensed for …

Understanding how emerging influenza viruses recognize host cells is critical in evaluating
their zoonotic potential, pathogenicity, and transmissibility between humans. The surface of …

SARS-CoV-2 is a health threat with dire socioeconomical consequences. As the crucial
mediator of infection, the viral glycosylated spike protein (S) has attracted the most attention …

SARS-CoV-2 infection is controlled by the opening of the spike protein receptor binding
domain (RBD), which transitions from a glycan-shielded 'down'to an exposed 'up'state to …

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in more than 28,000,000 infections and 900,000 …

Historically, influenza pandemics have been triggered when an avian influenza virus or a
human/avian reassorted virus acquires the ability to replicate efficiently and become …

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants alters the efficacy of existing immunity, whether
arisen naturally or through vaccination. Understanding the structure of the viral spike assists …