Background Coronary microcirculatory dysfunction is a meaningful factor in the development
of ischemic heart disease. We investigated the relationship between coronary microvascular …

Abstract Aims Intracoronary acetylcholine (ACh) testing is useful for the detection of
epicardial spasm (ES) and coronary microvascular spasm (CMS). We retrospectively …

Background Functional coronary disorders such as coronary spasm and microvascular
dysfunction (including microvascular spasm and impaired microvascular dilatation) are …

Background: Coronary vasomotor dysfunction is an important mechanism for angina in
patients with unobstructed coronary arteries. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to …

Background: Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), characterised by a reduced
coronary flow reserve (CFR) or an increased index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR), has …

Background Coronary vasomotor dysfunction represents an important mechanism
responsible for myocardial ischaemia in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery …

Aims Although the importance of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) has been
emerging, reliable biomarkers for CMD remain to be developed. We examined the potential …

Background Angina pectoris in the absence of relevant epicardial stenoses is frequently
caused by coronary spasm. This mechanism of angina is common yet underdiagnosed in …

Background Long-term clinical outcome data according to severity of coronary artery spasm
(CAS) as assessed by an intracoronary acetylcholine provocation test are limited in series of …

Background An association between atherosclerosis and coronary vasospasm has
previously been suggested. However, to date, no conclusive data on the whole spectrum of …