An increasing variety of indicators of antimicrobial usage has become available in human
and veterinary medicine, with no consensus on the most appropriate indicators to be used …

Surveillance and monitoring studies of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of human and
animal origin and antimicrobial consumption in humans and animals have been conducted …

The accurate assessment of antimicrobial use (AMU) requires relating quantities of active
ingredients (AAIs) with population denominators. These data can be used to prioritize …

This paper explores the possibilities of making meaningful comparisons of the veterinary
use of antimicrobial agents among countries, based on national total sales data. Veterinary …

In human medicine, the defined daily dose is used as a technical measure of drug usage,
which is independent of the variations in the potency of the active compound and the …

Background: Hospital antibiotic use is usually measured by calculating the volume as the
number of daily doses defined by the World Health Organization/Anatomical Therapeutic …

Abstract ECDC, EFSA and EMA have jointly established a list of harmonised outcome
indicators to assist EU Member States in assessing their progress in reducing the use of …

Collateral damage caused by antibiotic use includes resistance, which could be reduced if
the global inappropriate use of antibiotics, especially in low-income countries, could be …

Tackling the problem of rising antibiotic resistance requires valid and comparable data on
the use of antimicrobial drugs in livestock. To date, no harmonized monitoring of …

The acknowledgment of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a major health challenge in
humans, animals and plants, has led to increased efforts to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) …