Recent elections have revived the debate about the decline of social democracy, often
attributed to the numerical decline in the working class and its alienation due to the …

Does left–right ideology structure electoral competition? While many studies show that
ideology is a powerful determinant of party choice, a growing number of scholars claim that …

Conventional wisdom has it that political parties have incentives to respond to public
opinion. It is also conventional wisdom that in open economies, policymakers must also …

How do parties decide which issues to emphasize during electoral competition? We argue
that the answer to this question depends on how parties of the left and of the right respond to …

This chapter analyses whether citizens respond to shifts in the Left–Right ideologies of party
elites in Western Europe. The mass–elite linkages emphasised by the responsible party …

We describe the electoral history of one of Europe's most successful party families over the
past 100 years in 31 countries. With a unique and newly collected dataset of national …

Although the over-representation of working-class members among the electorates of
Extreme Right Parties (ERPs) in Western Europe is well documented, previous studies have …

Competition among political parties is subject to two demands: representation and
effectiveness. This poses a dilemma for democratization, as the political opening creates …

The dramatic decline in vote shares on the mainstream left in many recent elections has led
to a renewed discussion about a crisis of Social Democracy. One popular argument is that …

Although the move to the center of many European Social Democratic parties in the 1990s
was first rewarded with victories, these parties have since faced a remarkable electoral …