A s Hall, Griliches and Hausman (1986, p. 265) state,“The annual research and
development expenditures of a firm are considered to be investments which add to the firm's …

Chesbrough's central premise is that the apparent decline in the innovation capabilities of
many leading companies at a time when so many promising and novel ideas pop up …

T he concept of open innovation was introduced by UC Berkeley professor Henry
Chesbrough, who has become famous worldwide due to his work Open Innovation—The …

In the old model of closed innovation, enterprises adhered to the following philosophy:
Successful innovation requires control. In other words, companies must generate their own …

What is open innovation? It is useful to start from the definition (to compare with other
understandings, see Cohendet and Simon, Chapter 3, this volume; Héraud, Chapter 4, this …

It is a view that says successful innovation requires control.… This paradigm counsels firms
to be strongly self-reliant, because one cannot be sure of the quality, availability, and …

The term Open Innovation has become popular in recent years to describe an approach to
innovation that decidedly goes beyond the boundaries of a single organization by …

“No matter who you are, most of the smartest people work for someone else,” Bill Joy,
cofounder of Sun Microsystem, reportedly said to highlight that no single company has the …

Companies that don't innovate die, but meta-innovation (innovating how to innovate) is
becoming increasingly the center of the attention. In his book, Chesbrough describes two …

70 Manlio Del Giudice period 1981–1991. Their research revealed that the average number
of authors per paper had noticeably increased, from 2.63 to 3.34, while the number of …