Research from a variety of perspectives has argued that innovation no longer takes place
within a single organization, but rather is distributed across multiple stakeholders in a value …

A comprehensive and multidisciplinary view of the emerging paradigm of user and open
innovation, offering both theoretical and empirical perspectives. The last two decades have …

The effectiveness and creativity of Linux, Wikipedia, and a plethora of other distributed
innovation systems have attracted the attention of scholars, practitioners, and policy makers …

This paper reviews research on open innovation that considers how and why firms
commercialize external sources of innovations. It examines both the “outside‐in” and …

We live in an age of exponential technology, but this is not so new. Indeed, technological
innovation has been promoted so assiduously for so long that there is now a discernible …

Open innovation rests on the idea that not all the smart people work only for you, and
managing human interaction across organizational boundaries is therefore central to open …

An increasing number of corporations engage with users in co-innovation of products and
services. But there are a number of competing perspectives on how best to integrate these …

We explore the growth, scope and impact of the academic literature that has arisen since the
publication of Open Innovation back in 2003. Moreover, we further clarify and develop the …

Many technical obstacles to effective innovation no longer exist: today, companies possess
global networks that can connect with knowledge from virtually any source. Today's …

The paradox of open innovation lies in the conflict between the practical desire to reap the
benefits of open innovation and concern over the risk that others will misappropriate those …