Background Most commercial foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines have various
disadvantages, such as low antibody titers, short-lived effects, compromised host defense …

Introduction Conventional foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines have been developed to
enhance their effectiveness; however, several drawbacks remain, such as slow induction of …

Background Commercial foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines have limitations, such as
local side effects, periodic vaccinations, and weak host defenses. To overcome these …

Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease that is
fatal to young animals and is a major threat to the agricultural economy by reducing …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, severe, and highly contagious disease that
affects cloven-hoofed animals and can lead to serious economic losses and social effects …

Abstract Dendritic cell-associated lectin-2 (Dectin-2) is one of the most well-characterized
members of the C-type lectin family. Recent studies have revealed its indispensable …

An inactivated whole-virus vaccine is currently used to prevent foot-and-mouth disease
(FMD). Although this vaccine is effective, it offers short-term immunity that requires regular …

The identification of antigen-recognizing receptors in the innate immune system significantly
helped us to understand the initiation and regulation of the innate immune response. Dectin …

The inhibitory effect of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing
adapters DAP12 and FcεRI γ-chain (FcRγ) has been found in many immune functions …

Abstract Dectin-1, a C-type lectin recognizing fungal and mycobacterial pathogens, can
deliver intracellular signals that activate dendritic cells (DCs), resulting in initiation of …