Endogenous small molecules are metabolic regulators of cell function. Itaconate is a key
molecule that accumulates in cells when the Krebs cycle is disrupted. Itaconate is derived …

Metabolites have recently been found to be involved in significant biological regulation and
changes. Itaconate, an important intermediate metabolite isolated from the tricarboxylic acid …

Metabolic products can lead to crucial biological function alterations. Itaconate is probably
the best example of how a metabolic process can be diverted to generate an …

Metabolic states greatly influence functioning and differentiation of immune cells. Regulating
the metabolism of immune cells can effectively modulate the host immune response …

With advances in immunometabolic studies, more and more evidence has shown that
metabolic changes profoundly affect the immune function of macrophages. The tricarboxylic …

The field of immunology is undergoing rapid and dramatic changes. Immunometabolism, a
change in metabolic pathways within immune cells, is a key determinant in the activation of …

Macrophages play a central role in innate immunity as the first line of defense against
pathogen infection. Upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli, macrophages rapidly respond …

Macrophages exposed to inflammatory stimuli including LPS undergo metabolic
reprogramming to facilitate macrophage effector function. This metabolic reprogramming …

Itaconate is an immunomodulatory metabolite produced by immune cells under microbial
stimulation and certain pro-inflammatory conditions and triggers antioxidant and anti …

Although the immunomodulatory and cytoprotective properties of itaconate have been
studied extensively, it is not known whether its naturally occurring isomers mesaconate and …