Neurodegeneration is an initial process in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR).
High quantities of glutamate, oxidative stress, induction of the renin-angiotensin system …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been classically considered to be a microcirculatory disease
of the retina caused by the deleterious metabolic effects of hyperglycemia per se and the …

Purpose Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness in American adults. Over
the years, DR has been perceived as a vascular disease characterized by vascular …

One of the major complications in patients with diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR), a
leading cause of blindness worldwide. It takes several years before any clinical signs of …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been considered to be a microcirculatory disease of the
retina. However, there is emerging evidence to suggest that retinal neurodegeneration is an …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was earlier recognized as a vascular disease, but nowadays, it is
considered as a neurovascular disorder. Neuronal death is the primary change which leads …

Specific and effective preventive treatment for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is presently
unavailable, mostly because the early stages of the complication have been, until recently …

Impairment of neuroprotection and vasculopathy are the main reasons for the progression of
diabetic retinopathy. In this review, we decided to illustrate the molecular and clinical …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and constitutes a major
cause of vision impairment and blindness in the world. DR has long been described …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the major complications of diabetes causing vision loss
and blindness worldwide. DR is widely recognized as a neurodegenerative disease as …