In this study we examined the level of English proficiency children can obtain through out-of-
school exposure in informal contexts prior to English classroom instruction. The second aim …

In this paper the incidental language acquisition of 11-year-old Flemish children (n= 30) who
have not received any formal English instruction is investigated. The study looks into …

A second language can be learned inside and outside the classroom. In this study we
investigated the English and French vocabulary knowledge of 110 Dutch-speaking children …

The present study examines possible effects of extramural English (EE) on oral proficiency
(OP) and vocabulary (VOC). The study is based on data collected from Swedish learners of …

This study investigates whether potential differences in the weight of out-of-school and in-
school learning environments affect the acquisition of L2 English by teenagers in two …

This article presents a study of Danish young English language learners'(YELLs') contact
with and use of Extramural English (EE)(N= 107, aged 8 [n= 49] and 10 [n= 58]). They have …

In many countries around the globe, English is the first foreign language children learn in
school. In Sweden, the teaching of English generally starts in third grade, that is, when the …

Young people around the world are increasingly able to access English language media
online for leisure purposes and interact with other users of English. This book examines the …

The project Early Language Learning in Europe (ELLiE) has studied the longitudinal effects
of an early foreign language (FL) start in seven European contexts. This article presents a …

For second language acquisition (SLA), having access to language input is critical. Although
the theories of SLA attach different importance to the role of language input, they all …