According to the literature, there are numerous stress biomarkers. However, for the first time,
this review article summarizes the role of major physiological stress biomarkers in heart …

Background: heat shock proteins (hsp) constitute an endogenous stress response that
protects cells from injury. Most work on these important proteins has focused on the …

Predicting the survival of a patient with heart failure (HF) is a complex problem in clinical
practice. Our previous study reported that extracellular HSP70 (HSPA1A) correlates with …

Increased neurohormonal activation is a key feature of heart failure (HF). Copeptin is a
surrogate marker for proarginine vasopressin and the prognostic value of copeptin has been …

Copeptin is a novel indicator of arginine–vasopressin activation in the body. Its value has
primarily been documented in acute life-threatening conditions mediated by the stress …

Background—The pathophysiological role of cortisol, which binds to the mineralocorticoid
receptor with an affinity equal to that of aldosterone (ALD), may be influenced by oxidative …

Heart failure (HF) remains a major medical and social problem. The NT-pro-brain natriuretic
peptide (NT-proBNP) and its active form, brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), in a simple …

Oxidative stress, defined as an excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) relative
to antioxidant defense, has been shown to play an important role in the pathophysiology of …

Abstract Background Heat shock proteins (HSPs) represent intracellular mechanisms of
stress response. Clinical implications of their (systemic) expression in patients with chronic …

BACKGROUND: Because congestive heart failure (CHF) is a complex syndrome with many
different underlying mechanisms of worsening of heart function, it is important to recognize …