Chronic activation of the stress axis caused by long‐term uncontrollable and unpredictable
factors in the environment has been regarded as causing maladaptive and/or pathological …

Although scientists have discovered many fundamental physiological and behavioral
mechanisms that comprise the stress response, most of current knowledge is based on …

The above-mentioned truism applies not only to humans, but also to all other organisms. In
vertebrates, a key response to life's difficulties is the activation of the stress axis. The study of …

Although correlations have frequently been observed between specific physiological and
behavioural traits across a range of animal taxa, the nature of these associations has been …

Increasingly, levels of the 'stress hormones' cortisol and corticosterone are being used by
ecologists as indicators of physiological stress in wild vertebrates. The amplitude of …

Predator‐induced stress has been used to exemplify the concept of stress for close to a
century because almost everyone can imagine the terror of fleeing for one's life from a lion or …

The field of stress physiology has rapidly expanded, particularly in those fields interested in
identifying chronic stress in wild animals. Despite this expansion, stress remains difficult to …

Natural disturbances, such as droughts, fires or hurricanes, are key drivers of ecological
heterogeneity and ecosystem function. The frequency and severity of these episodes is …

Stressful events are known to initiate a cascade of physiological mechanisms that are
potentially costly for metabolic processes. Although these mechanisms are well understood …

Rapid, effective and enduring responses of physiology and behaviour to perturbations of the
environment are key to robustness of an organism (ability to resist perturbations) and …