Drawing upon the theory of gender frame, the research on gender in science, and social
network studies, this paper focuses on the social mechanism of collaboration, specifically …

The gender gap in science and technology has received considerable attention by both
researchers and policy makers. In an effort to better understand the quantity, quality, and …

Collaborative relationships are an important anchor of innovative activity, and rates of
collaboration in science are on the rise. This research addresses differences in men's and …

The commercialization of academic science has come to be understood as economically
desirable for institutions, individual researchers, and the public. Not surprisingly, commercial …

Explanations of productivity differences between men and women in science tend to focus
on the academic sector and the individual level. This article examines how variation in …

A growing stream of the academic literature has investigated the factors that hamper the
participation of women researchers in patenting and commercialization activities; however …

We analyzed gender disparities in patenting by country, technological area, and type of
assignee using the 4.6 million utility patents issued between 1976 and 2013 by the United …

We investigate women's underrepresentation among holders of commercialized patents:
only 5.5% of holders of such patents are female. Using the National Survey of College …

Traditional research on gender differences in productivity focuses on academic scientists,
and rarely investigates outcomes other than publications. We investigate gender disparities …

In all countries, across all sectors and in all fields, the percentage of women obtaining
patents is not only less than their male counterparts but it is less than the percentage of …