Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, age-related, progressive multisystem disease
associated with neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction. This review discusses the …

The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complex and most likely involves numerous
environmental and heritable risk factors. Recent studies establish that central and peripheral …

For many years, it was postulated that the brain is the organ behind the barrier with an
autonomous need for its maintenance. This view has been changed by the concept that the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised neuropathologically by the degeneration of
dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain, the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) …

The brain is no longer considered an immune privileged organ and neuroinflammation has
long been associated with Parkinson's disease. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease underpinned by both
genetic and environmental etiologic factors. Recent findings suggest that inflammation may …

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that immune system dysfunction has a role in Parkinson
disease (PD); this evidence includes clinical and genetic associations between autoimmune …

Recent research has unveiled intriguing insights suggesting that the body's immune system
may be implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) development. Studies have observed …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common age-associated
neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and …

Neuroinflammation is a core feature of Parkinson disease (PD) and related disorders.
Inflammation is detectable early in PD and persists throughout the disease state. Both the …