Antipredator strategies of the pupal stage in insects have received little attention in
comparison to larval or adult stages. This is despite the fact that predation risk can be high …

1. Insects with complete metamorphosis (holometaboly) are extremely successful,
constituting over 60% of all described animal species. Complete metamorphosis confers …

Adult size and development time are the outcomes of growth and differentiation throughout
the life of an individual organism–its developmental trajectory. Correlations among ages and …

Phenotypic plasticity in general and polyphenic development in particular are thought to
play important roles in organismal diversification and evolutionary innovation. Focusing on …

There is a general consensus that kin selection is prerequisite for the evolution of
distastefulness and warning coloration as a means of anti-predator defense. However, after …

Introduction: Behavioural traits can differ considerably between individuals, and such
differences were found to be consistent over the lifetime of an organism in several species …

Summary 1 It is poorly understood which traits translate larval stressors into adult fitness in
animals where larval and adult stages are separated by metamorphosis. Although …

Highlights•Phenotypic plasticity can influence the rate of evolution of insects.•The rate of
evolution will depend on how plasticity alters the strength of selection.•The response to …

Insects have evolved various types of antipredator defenses. For example, many insects
have evolved crypsis, and exhibit cryptic body colors and shapes for hiding from predators …

It is well known that young, small predator stages are vulnerable to predation by
conspecifics, intra‐guild competitors or hyperpredators. It is less known that prey can also …