In a generation's time, collaborative methods of innovation have become a centerpiece of
modern economic organization. Rather than creating technology primarily in-house …

Theories of intellectual property take the individual inventor or the firm as the unit of
innovation. But studies in economic sociology show that in complex fields where knowledge …

We extend theory on private–collective innovation by studying the role of exclusion rights for
technology in the competition between private–collective and other innovators. We argue …

Rapidly innovating industries are not behaving the way theory expects. Conventional
industrial organization theory predicts that when parties in a supply chain have to make …

The recent influx of patent pools, research consortia, and similar cooperative groups led by
companies at the vanguard of American innovation has raised a pressing question: How …

Open Innovation is a contemporary management theory that suggests that companies can
improve the performance of their research and development by augmenting their internal …

The incentive thesis for patents is challenged by the existence of alternative means by which
firms can capture returns on innovation. Taking into account patent alternatives yields a …

Patent law is built upon a fundamental premise: only significant inventions receive patent
protection while minor improvements remain in the public domain. This premise is …

The boundaries of technology-intensive firms are determined not only by economic
considerations, but also by legal constraints. The law plays a dual role: First, by granting …

This chapter considers whether, and under what conditions, private lawmaking can usefully
fill gaps in and substitute for publicly produced laws-particularly those laws that enhance …