The malleability of spatial skills: a meta-analysis of training studies.

DH Uttal, NG Meadow, E Tipton, LL Hand… - Psychological …, 2013 - psycnet.apa.org
Having good spatial skills strongly predicts achievement and attainment in science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics fields (eg, Shea, Lubinski, & Benbow, 2001; Wai …

Effects of spatial training on mathematics performance: A meta-analysis.

ZCK Hawes, KA Gilligan-Lee, KS Mix - Developmental Psychology, 2022 - psycnet.apa.org
Prior research has revealed robust and consistent relations between spatial and
mathematical skills. Yet, establishing a causal relation has been met with mixed effects. To …

Exploring and enhancing spatial thinking: Links to achievement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics?

DH Uttal, DI Miller… - Current Directions in …, 2013 - journals.sagepub.com
Although neglected in traditional education, spatial thinking plays a critical role in
achievement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. We …

How much can spatial training improve STEM achievement?

M Stieff, D Uttal - Educational Psychology Review, 2015 - Springer
Spatial training has been indicated as a possible solution for improving Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) achievement and degree attainment …

Does spatial skills instruction improve STEM outcomes? The answer is 'yes'

S Sorby, N Veurink, S Streiner - Learning and Individual Differences, 2018 - Elsevier
Spatial cognition has long been the subject of research in psychology and education.
Individual differences in spatial ability have been found between males and females. In this …

A heuristic framework of spatial ability: A review and synthesis of spatial factor literature to support its translation into STEM education

J Buckley, N Seery, D Canty - Educational Psychology Review, 2018 - Springer
An abundance of empirical evidence exists identifying a significant correlation between
spatial ability and educational performance particularly in science, technology, engineering …

The latent structure of spatial skills and mathematics: A replication of the two-factor model

KS Mix, SC Levine, YL Cheng, CJ Young… - Journal of Cognition …, 2017 - Taylor & Francis
In a previous study, Mix et al.(2016) reported that spatial skill and mathematics were
composed of 2 highly correlated, domain-specific factors, with a few cross-domain loadings …

Spatial abilities at different scales: Individual differences in aptitude-test performance and spatial-layout learning

M Hegarty, DR Montello, AE Richardson, T Ishikawa… - Intelligence, 2006 - Elsevier
Most psychometric tests of spatial ability are paper-and-pencil tasks at the “figural” scale of
space, in that they involve inspecting, imagining or mentally transforming small shapes or …

Spatial ability: A neglected talent in educational and occupational settings

HJ Kell, D Lubinski - Roeper Review, 2013 - Taylor & Francis
For over 60 years, longitudinal research on tens of thousands of high ability and
intellectually precocious youth has consistently revealed the importance of spatial ability for …

First demonstration of effective spatial training for near transfer to spatial performance and far transfer to a range of mathematics skills at 8 years

KA Gilligan, MSC Thomas, EK Farran - Developmental science, 2020 - Wiley Online Library
There is evidence that spatial thinking is malleable, and that spatial and mathematical skills
are associated (Mix et al.[2016] Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145, 1206; …