One aspect of the digital transformation process in the shipping industry, a process often
referred to as Shipping 4.0, is the increased digitization of on board systems that goes along …

Across the global maritime community, vessels, ports, and facilities are already highly
dependent on cyber systems. The Internet of things, the blockchain technology, electronic …

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) published the Guidelines on Maritime Cyber
Risk Management in 2017 to strengthen cybersecurity in consideration of digitalized ships …

It is timely to raise cyber security awareness while attacks on maritime infrastructure have
not yet gained critical momentum. This paper analyses vulnerabilities in existing shipborne …

Scientific and technological progress is also fundamental to the evolving merchant shipping
industry, both in terms of the size and speed of modern ships and in the level of their …

As the global maritime industry becomes increasingly dependent on advancing technology,
it is important for the world to be more aware of, and understand, the possible scope and …

Recent maritime cybersecurity accidents reveal that shipping is facing increased exposure
to cyber threats, especially due to the fast-growing digitalisation of the sector, leaving …

Current shipboard control systems contain significant levels of automation to perform
complex functions such as navigation and propulsion control. The purpose for employing …

In the current economy, roughly 90% of all world trade is transported by the shipping
industry, which is now accelerating its technological growth. While the demand on mariners …

The vulnerability of technological and administrative systems to cyberattacks has been
shown to be high in several cases, which has led to different unwanted consequences …