Cities first came into existence more than five thousand years ago. How to deal with these
partly fascinating, partly frightening creatures of mankind, both practically and intellectually …

Self-organization, that is to say, the phenomena by which a system self-organizes its internal
structure independent of external causes, is a fundamental property of open and complex …

The theory and practice of modeling cities and regions as complex, self-organizing systems,
presenting widely used cellular automata-based models, theoretical discussions, and …

A proposal for a new way to understand cities and their design not as artifacts but as
systems composed of flows and networks. In The New Science of Cities, Michael Batty …

Cities have been treated as systems for fifty year but only in the last two decades has the
focus changed from aggregate equilibrium systems to more evolving systems whose …

A city is a very complex object. Its complexity is compounded by its constantly evolving
shape and structure. To try to understand a city's inner mechanisms we have to develop …

During the past twenty years, a broad spectrum of theories and methods have been
developed in physics, chemistry and molecular biology to explain structure formation in …

Cities are never what they seem. Our usual response when faced with trying to understand
their form and function is to revert to the almost reflex actions which are instilled into us from …

Cities are living organisms. They are out of equilibrium, open systems that never stop
developing and sometimes die. The local geography can be compared to a shell …

Structural principles developed in biology, computer science and economics are applied
here to urban design. The coherence of urban form can be understood from the theory of …