Treatment with antiretroviral therapy dramatically increases the survival of HIV-infected
individuals. However, treatment has to be continued for life because it does not lead to the …

Thirty-five years after the identification of HIV-1 as the causative agent of AIDS, we are still in
search of vaccines and treatments to eradicate this devastating infectious disease. Progress …

Rarely HIV type 1 establishes proviral latency within the host genome, maintained with little
or no viral gene expression. This state has been quantitated in peripheral blood and …

HIV-1 infection persists even after years of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although ART can
halt viral replication and thereby reduce viremia to clinically undetectable levels, proviral …

Although antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) potently inhibit HIV replication, they do not eradicate
the virus. HIV persists in cellular and anatomical reservoirs that show minimal decay during …

Failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy to eradicate the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), even in patients who suppress the virus to undetectable levels for many years …

Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress plasma HIV to undetectable levels,
allowing HIV-infected individuals who are treated early a nearly normal life span. Despite …

HIV-infected patients harbor∼ 105–106 memory CD4 T-cells that contain fully integrated but
transcriptionally silent HIV proviruses. While small in number, these latently infected cells …

HIV-1 can establish a state of latent infection at the level of individual T cells. Latently
infected cells are rare in vivo and appear to arise when activated CD4+ T cells, the major …

Eradication of latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a global health
challenge. Reactivation of HIV latency and killing of virus-infected cells, the so-called “kick …