Nowadays, viruses are not only seen as causative agents of viral infectious diseases but
also as valuable research materials for various biomedical purposes, including recombinant …

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are currently a major challenge in medicine. One
reason is the presence of the blood–brain barrier, which is a significant limitation for …

Nanoformulations in vaccinology provide antigen stability and enhanced immunogenicity, in
addition to providing targeted delivery and controlled release. In the last years, much …

Background Safe and effective vaccines are crucial for the control and eventual elimination
of malaria. Novel approaches to optimize and improve vaccine efficacy are urgently …

In medicine, it is desirable for clinicians to be able to restore function and imbue novel
function into selected cells for therapy and disease prevention. Cells damaged by disease …

Abstract Background Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) have been demonstrated in respiratory
and gastrointestinal infections; however, the immune response to them has not been studied …

Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling porcine epidemic
diarrhea (PED). Conventional vaccines developed from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus …

A wide range of virus-like particles (VLPs) is extensively employed as carriers to display
various antigens for vaccine development to fight against different infections. The plant …

Vaccinations are vital as they protect us from various illness-causing agents. Despite all the
advancements in vaccine-related research, developing improved and safer vaccines against …

Nonenveloped virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembled oligomeric structures
composed of one or more proteins that originate from diverse viruses. Because these VLPs …