Vitamin E modulates the activity of several signal transduction enzymes with consequent
alterations of gene expression. At the molecular level, vitamin E may directly bind to these …

The immune deficiency (IMD) pathway directs host defense in arthropods upon bacterial
infection. In Pancrustacea, peptidoglycan recognition proteins sense microbial moieties and …

Innate immunity is vital for protection from microbes and is mediated by humoral effectors,
such as cytokines, and cellular immune defenses, including phagocytic cells (eg …

In this study, we examined whether tyrosine phosphorylation of the Toll-IL-1 resistance (TIR)
domain of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is required for signaling and blocked in endotoxin …

During developmental remodeling, neurites destined for pruning often degenerate on-site.
Physical injury also induces degeneration of neurites distal to the injury site. Prompt …

Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is an important cultural species worldwide.
However, Vibrio spp. infections have caused a great economic loss in Pacific white shrimp …

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a central inducer of inflammatory responses caused by Gram-
positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, via activation of TLR2. Localization of …

Scavenger receptor CD36 mediates Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosis and initiates
TLR2/6 signaling. We analyzed the role of CD36 in the uptake and TLR-independent …

CD36 transmembrane proteins have diverse roles in lipid uptake, cell adhesion and
pathogen sensing. Despite numerous in vitro studies, how they act in native cellular contexts …

Macrophage pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play key roles in innate immunity, but they
also may contribute to disease processes under certain pathological conditions. We recently …