Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are regarded as a new generation of antibiotics. Besides
antimicrobial activity, AMPs also have antibiofilm, immune-regulatory, and other activities …

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, displaying
not only well-known motor deficits but also gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Consistently, it has …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, is
involved in innate immunity and mediates inflammatory responses by recognizing …

Dietary pollution by polystyrene microplastics (MPs) can cause hepatic injuries and
microbial dysbiosis. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol in green tea …

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most common complications in diabetes. It has been
shown to be the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. However, due to their complex …

Since its appearance, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2),
the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), represents a global problem for …

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes have diverse functions in regulating
wound healing and inflammation; however, the molecular mechanism of human umbilical …

Introduction: Adverse immune activation contributes to many central nervous system (CNS)
disorders. All main CNS cell types express toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4). This receptor is …

Objective High-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders can lead to impaired sperm
production. We aim to investigate if HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis can functionally …