Hydrogels are crosslinked polymer chains with three-dimensional (3D) network structures,
which can absorb relatively large amounts of fluid. Because of the high water content, soft …

As invaluable as the standard 2-dimensional (2D) monolayer in vitro cell culture system has
been, there is increasing evidence that 3-dimensional (3D) non-adherent conditions are …

Drug development is a time-consuming and expensive process, given the low success rate
of clinical trials. Now, anticancer drug developments have shifted to three-dimensional (3D) …

Three–dimensional bioprinting is an advanced tissue fabrication technique that allows
printing complex structures with precise positioning of multiple cell types layer–by–layer …

Bioinks for 3D bioprinting of tumor models should not only meet printability requirements but
also accurately maintain and support phenotypes of tumor surrounding cells to recapitulate …

In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biomarkers, cell-
free therapeutic agents, and drug delivery carriers. Despite their great clinical potential, poor …

Although historically, the traditional bidimensional in vitro cell system has been widely used
in research, providing much fundamental information regarding cellular functions and …

More than fifty years after the 3Rs definition and despite the continuous implementation of
regulatory measures, animals continue to be widely used in basic research. Their use …

Drug development and testing are a tedious and expensive process with a high degree of
uncertainty in the clinical success and preclinical validation of manufactured therapeutic …

Cancer initiation and progression heavily rely on microenvironmental cues derived from
various components of the niche including the extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM is a complex …