Virus-like particles (VLPs) are virus-derived structures made up of one or more different
molecules with the ability to self-assemble, mimicking the form and size of a virus particle but …

Vaccinations are one of the most important preventive tools against infectious diseases.
Over time, many different types of vaccines have been developed concerning the antigen …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanostructures that possess diverse applications in
therapeutics, immunization, and diagnostics. With the recent advancements in biomedical …

The successful clinical application of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chimeric
antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapeutics has attracted extensive attention to …

Vaccination is a key component of public health policy with demonstrated cost-effective
benefits in protecting both human and animal populations. Vaccines can be manufactured …

Modern vaccine design has sought a minimalization approach, moving to the isolation of
antigens from pathogens that invoke a strong neutralizing immune response. This approach …

Circular RNAs (circRNA) represent a distinct class of covalently closed-loop RNA molecules,
which play diverse roles in regulating biological processes and disease states. The …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus
responsible for an ongoing human pandemic (COVID-19). There is a massive international …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins belonging to the family of pattern-
recognition receptors. They function as sensors of invading pathogens through recognition …

Vaccines have had broad medical impact, but existing vaccine technologies and production
methods are limited in their ability to respond rapidly to evolving and emerging pathogens …