Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanostructures assemble from viral proteins. Besides widely
used for vaccine development, VLPs have also been explored as nanocarriers for cargo …

Nowadays, viruses are not only seen as causative agents of viral infectious diseases but
also as valuable research materials for various biomedical purposes, including recombinant …

Polymer molecules, the main components of plastics, are an emerging pollutants in various
environmental compartments (water, air, soil) that may induce several ecotoxicological …

Oncolytic viruses (OV) are an attractive prospect due to their dual attack mechanism of direct
cell lysis and potentiation of an antitumor immune response. Various oncolytic viral vectors …

Vaccines remain the best approach for the prevention of infectious diseases. Protein subunit
vaccines are safe compared to live-attenuated whole cell vaccines but often show reduced …

Ever since the development of the first vaccine, vaccination has had the great impact on
global health, leading to the decrease in the burden of numerous infectious diseases …

Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are self-assembling, adaptable delivery systems for vaccines and
other therapeutic agents used in a variety of biomedical applications. The potential of …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are empty, nanoscale structures morphologically resembling
viruses. Internal cavity, noninfectious, and particulate nature with a high density of repeating …

Virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) are natural polymer-based nanomaterials that mimic viral
structures through the hierarchical assembly of viral coat proteins, while lacking viral …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have natural structural antigens similar to those found in viruses,
making them valuable in vaccine immunization. Furthermore, VLPs have demonstrated …