Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane technology is one of the most important technologies for
water treatment. However, membrane fouling is an inevitable issue. Membrane fouling leads …

Reverse Osmosis (RO) is becoming increasingly popular for seawater desalination and
wastewater reclamation. However, fouling of the membranes adversely impacts the overall …

Water scarcity has been a global challenge for many countries over the past decades, and
as a result, reverse osmosis (RO) has emerged as a promising and cost-effective tool for …

Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are widely employed due to their inherent advantage of
achieving excellent water permeation rates and high salt rejection. However, fouling is a …

Pretreatment plays the critical role of removing source water constituents, like sediment and
microbes, which could hinder the downstream reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process …

Desalination by using reverse osmosis (RO) membranes has become very popular for
producing freshwater from brackish water and seawater. Membrane lifetime and permeate …

Membrane fouling is commonly defined as an undesirable formation of deposits on
membrane surfaces and it is considered a major problem in most brackish, seawater, and …

Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most preferable process for water recovery from secondary
effluent (SE) because of its higher rejection of impurities with lower associated cost and …

Over the past decades, water scarcity and security have significantly stimulated the
advances of reverse osmosis (RO) technology, which dominates the global desalination …

A comparison of alginate fouling in forward osmosis (FO) with that in reverse osmosis (RO)
was made. A key experimental finding, corroborated by membrane autopsies, was that FO is …