Face-to-face communication is multimodal at its core: it consists of a combination of vocal
and visual signalling. However, current evidence suggests that, in the absence of an …

Abstract Language and perception are two central cognitive systems. Until relatively
recently, however, the interaction between them has been examined only partially and not …

Human face-to-face communication is multimodal: it comprises speech as well as visual
cues, such as articulatory and limb gestures. In the current study, we assess how iconic …

In everyday communication, semantic information is transmitted by both speech and the
gestures that accompany speech. Listeners, therefore, need to monitor two quite different …

Until recently, the literature on common ground depicted its influence as a purely verbal
phenomenon. We review current research on how common ground influences gesture. With …

The home of human language use is face-to-face interaction, a context in which
communicative exchanges are characterised not only by bodily signals accompanying what …

For humans, the ability to communicate and use language is instantiated not only in the
vocal modality but also in the visual modality. The main examples of this are sign languages …

How language began is one of the oldest questions in science, but theories remain
speculative due to a lack of direct evidence. Here, we report two experiments that generate …

In a conversation, recognising the speaker's social action (eg, a request) early may help the
potential following speakers understand the intended message quickly, and plan a timely …

As we speak, we use not only the arbitrary form–meaning mappings of the speech channel
but also motivated form–meaning correspondences, ie iconic gestures that accompany …