Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial
inflammation, pannus formation, and bone and cartilage damage. It has a high disability …

Dysregulating cellular metabolism is one of the emerging cancer hallmarks. Mitochondria
are essential organelles responsible for numerous physiologic processes, such as energy …

Osteoporosis is characterized by a decline in bone mineral density (BMD) and increased
fracture risk. Free radicals and antioxidant systems play a central role in bone remodeling …

In autoimmune diseases, recognition of self-antigens presented by major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) molecules elicits unexpected attack of tissue by autoantibodies and/or …

Saussurea involucrata oral liquid (SIOL) can clinically relieve symptoms, such as joint pain
and swelling, and morning stiffness, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the …

Obviously, immune cells like T cells and macrophages play a major role in rheumatoid
arthritis (RA). On one hand, the breakdown of immune homeostasis directly induces …

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the serum levels of mitochondrial
metabolism/reactive oxygen species (ROS)–related peptides (hypoxia inducible factor‐1α …

Alterations in the circulating concentrations of uric acid and its degradation product,
allantoin, might account for the systemic pro-oxidant state and the increased cardiovascular …

Epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI), has been clinically adopted in treating
diabetic neuropathy in China and Japan. Apart from the involvement in diabetic …

The formation of an atheroma begins when lipoproteins become trapped in the intima.
Entrapped lipoproteins become oxidized and activate the innate immune system. This …