As the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs)
sense the microenvironment and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response. DCs can …

Follicular helper T (TFH) cells provide help to B cells, supporting the formation of germinal
centres that allow affinity maturation of antibody responses. Although usually located in …

The extreme diversity of the human immune system, forged and maintained throughout
evolutionary history, provides a potent defense against opportunistic pathogens. At the same …

The identification of CD4+ T cells localizing to B cell follicles has revolutionized the
knowledge of how humoral immunity is generated. Follicular helper T (TFH) cells support …

The immune system is a tightly regulated network which allows the development of defense
mechanisms against foreign antigens and tolerance toward self-antigens. Regulatory T cells …

Human aging is a multifactorial phenomenon that affects numerous organ systems and
cellular processes, with the immune system being one of the most dysregulated …

The magnitude and quality of the germinal center (GC) response decline with age, resulting
in poor vaccine-induced immunity in older individuals. A functional GC requires the co …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, pose
considerable challenges for the management of oncology patients. COVID-19 presents as a …

Background The spread of SARS-CoV-2 has caused a worldwide pandemic that has
affected almost every aspect of human life. The development of an effective COVID-19 …

Aging affects all tissues and organs. Aging of the immune system results in the severe
disruption of its functions, leading to an increased susceptibility to infections, an increase in …