Human beings differ in their socioeconomic status (SES), with accompanying differences in
physical and mental health as well as cognitive ability. Although SES has long been used as …

According to some estimates, more than half of the world's population is multilingual to some
extent. Because of the centrality of language use to human experience and the deep …

Early childhood poverty is a risk factor for lower school achievement, reduced earnings, and
poorer health, and has been associated with differences in brain structure and function …

Two extant frameworks–the harshness-unpredictability model and the threat-deprivation
model–attempt to explain which dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on …

Executive functions demonstrate variable developmental and aging profiles, with protracted
development into early adulthood and declines in older age. However, relatively few studies …

Due to increasing ease of use and ability to quickly collect large samples, online
behavioural research is currently booming. With this popularity, it is important that …

Review of the evidence on, and fundamental questions about, efforts to improve executive
functions, including working memory Page 166 8 Review of the Evidence on, and Fundamental …

Life history theory argues that exposure to early life adversity (ELA) accelerates
development, although existing evidence for this varies. We present a meta-analysis and …

A growing literature has shown associations between socioeconomic disadvantage and
neural properties (such as brain structure and function). In this review, we aimed to …

Children who have experienced environmental adversity—such as abuse, neglect, or
poverty—are more likely to develop physical and mental health problems, perform poorly at …