Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process with a primordial role in
cellular transformation whereby an epithelial cell transforms and acquires a mesenchymal …

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in immune regulation. It can activate
janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling …

Rho GTPases are a family of small G proteins that regulate a wide array of cellular
processes related to their key roles controlling the cytoskeleton. Cancer is a multistep …

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanism is responsible for metastasis of
tumor cells and their spread to various organs and tissues of body, providing undesirable …

Astrocytes are critical components of the neurovascular unit that support blood-brain barrier
(BBB) function. Pathological transformation of astrocytes to reactive states can be protective …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is emerging as one of the primary barriers in cancer
therapy. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are a common inhabitant of the TME in several …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), initially identified in leukemia in 1994, constitute a distinct subset
of tumor cells characterized by surface markers such as CD133, CD44, and ALDH. Their …

Janus kinase/signal transduction and transcription activation (JAK/STAT) pathways were
originally thought to be intracellular signaling pathways that mediate cytokine signals in …

Chemotherapy is the main treatment used for cancer patients failing surgery. Doxorubicin
(DOX) is a well-known chemotherapeutic agent capable of suppressing proliferation in …

Molecularly targeted cancer therapies substantially improve patient outcomes, although the
durability of their effectiveness can be limited. Resistance to these therapies is often related …