Background Recently, the hallmarks of aging were updated to include dysbiosis, disabled
macroautophagy, and chronic inflammation. In particular, the low-grade chronic …

Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway that recycles subcellular components to
maintain metabolic homeostasis. NAD is an essential metabolite that participates in energy …

Macroautophagy decreases with age, and this change is considered a hallmark of the aging
process. It remains unknown whether mitophagy, the essential selective autophagic …

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription
factors. The VDR is expressed in diverse brain regions and has been implicated in the …

The production of harmful free radicals (H-FRs), especially those with oxygen or nitrogen
atoms, depends on both internal and environmental causes. The negative effects of H-FRs …

Immunoglobulin (IgG) glycosylation is a complex enzymatically controlled process, essential
for the structure and function of IgG. IgG glycome is relatively stable in the state of …

Aging is a dynamic, time-dependent process that is characterized by a gradual accumulation
of cell damage. Continual functional decline in the intrinsic ability of living organisms to …

The importance of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in human physiology is well
recognized. As the NAD+ concentration in human skin, blood, liver, muscle and brain are …

Rapid aging is already one of the most significant trends of the 21st century, and this
demographic shift poses enormous challenges for society. There is a community-wide effort …

Declines in physical performance and cognition are commonly observed in older adults. The
geroscience paradigm posits that a set of processes and pathways shared among age …