RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated
protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of …

The world is witnessing a rapid demographic shift towards an older population, a trend with
major medical, social, economic and political implications. Aging is a multifaceted process …

As SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating for over a year, dozens of vaccine candidates are
under development or in clinical use. The BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine induces …

Background Although human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of
illness and death in older adults, no RSV vaccine has been licensed. Methods In a phase 2a …

The current COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most devastating events in recent history. The
virus causes relatively minor damage to young, healthy populations, imposing life …

Viral infections are dangerous diseases for human health worldwide, which lead to
significant morbidity and mortality each year. Because of their importance and the lack of …

The failure of a massive influx of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes to eradicate tumor cells in
the tumor microenvironment is mainly due to the dysfunction of T cells hyporesponsive to …

Liposomes are widely utilized as a carrier to improve therapeutic efficacy of agents thanks to
their merits of high loading capacity, targeting delivery, reliable protection of agents, good …

In the older adult, the benefits of vaccination to prevent infectious disease are limited, mainly
because of the adaptive immune system's inability to generate protective immunity. The age …

Adjuvants enhance immunity to vaccines and experimental antigens by a variety of
mechanisms. In the past decade, many receptors and signaling pathways in the innate …