The population is aging at a rate never seen before in human history. As the number of
elderly adults grows, it is imperative we expand our understanding of the underpinnings of …

Immunosenescence is a series of age-related changes that affect the immune system and,
with time, lead to increased vulnerability to infectious diseases. This Review addresses …

The germinal center (GC) is a specialized microstructure that forms in secondary lymphoid
tissues, producing long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells, which …

Background Prophylactic pinning of the uninvolved side after unilateral slipped capital
femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is controversial. The alpha angle, a measurement of femoral head …

Global deployment of vaccines that can provide protection across several age groups is still
urgently needed to end the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in low-and middle-income …

The magnitude and quality of the germinal center (GC) response decline with age, resulting
in poor vaccine-induced immunity in older individuals. A functional GC requires the co …

Age-related T cell dysfunction can lead to failure of immune tolerance mechanisms, resulting
in aberrant T cell-driven cytokine and cytotoxic responses that ultimately cause tissue …

Pathogen exposure elicits production of high‐affinity antibodies stimulated by T follicular
helper (Tfh) cells in the germinal center reaction. Tfh cells provide both costimulation and …

Allergic diseases are characterized by overactive type 2 immune responses to allergens and
immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated hypersensitivity. Emerging evidence suggests that …

High affinity antibodies result from interactions between B cells and T follicular helper (Tfh)
cells in germinal centers (GCs). Recent studies have identified an effector subset of T …