The concept of “committed emissions” allows us to understand what proportion of the Paris-
constrained and rapidly diminishing global carbon dioxide (CO 2) budget is potentially taken …

International shipping is overwhelmingly reliant on fossil fuels, with annual carbon dioxide
emissions equivalent to a country the size of Germany. Actions to reduce its emissions are …

The EU 'Fit for 55'package proposes the adoption of various legislative tools to eliminate
shipping CO 2 emissions, among which are the inclusion of shipping in the EU Emissions …

The Copenhagen Accord (and Cancun Agreement) commits the international community to
“hold the increase in global temperature below 2 C, and take action to meet this objective …

ABSTRACT The Paris Agreement, which entered into force in 2016, sets the ambitious
climate change mitigation goal of limiting the global temperature increase to below 2° C and …

The Initial Strategy on reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships adopted by
the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 2018 commits the IMO to reduce total GHG …

Abstract Shipping contributes roughly 2.8% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions, and this is projected to increase in the decades to come. The main regulator of …

International shipping is at a crossroads as regards decarbonization. The Paris climate
change agreement in 2015 (COP21) was hailed by many as a most significant achievement …

Shipping is a large and growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as of
local pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and particulate matter. Scientific-based evidences …

The maritime shipping industry is responsible for around 3% of global greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions, and is now under pressure to decarbonise. Until now, the shipping …