Activation of the adaptive immune system requires the engagement of costimulatory
pathways in addition to B and T cell Ag receptor signaling, and adjuvants play a central role …

Investigating the mechanisms by which W135 meningococcal conjugate (PSW135-TT)
activates adaptive immune responses in mice can provide a comprehensive understanding …

Activation of B cells and T cells requires the engagement of costimulatory signaling
pathways in addition to Ag receptor signaling for efficient immune responses. None of the …

Conjugation of a small molecule immunopotentiator to antigens has been proposed to
deliver the ligand to the receptor, localize its action and minimize systemic inflammation …

None of the typhoid Vi Polysaccharide (ViPS) subunit vaccines incorporate adjuvants, and
the immunogenicity of ViPS vaccines (eg Typbar TCV® and Typhim Vi®) is in part due to …

When given passively or elicited actively, antibodies induced by a detoxified Escherichia coli
Rc chemotype (J5) mutant lipopolysaccharide (J5dLPS)—group B meningococcal outer …

Protection against encapsulated bacteria can be elicited using polysaccharide vaccines.
These antigens often behave as T-cell–independent type 2 antigens (TI-2 Ags). However, TI …

Bacterial polysaccharides (PS) are T cell-independent antigens that do not induce
immunologic memory and are poor immunogens in infants. Conjugate vaccines in which the …

Neisseria meningitidis can cause severe and fulminant diseases such as meningitis.
Meningococcal capsular polysaccharide (PS) is a key virulence determinant that is not able …

Bacterial capsular polysaccharide vaccines are generally poorly immunogenic in infants and
older adults. The immunogenicity of capsular polysaccharide vaccines can be improved by …