The eight biological hallmarks of health that we initially postulated (Cell. 2021 Jan 7; 184 (1):
33-63) include features of spatial compartmentalization (integrity of barriers, containment of …

Health is usually defined as the absence of pathology. Here, we endeavor to define health
as a compendium of organizational and dynamic features that maintain physiology. The …

Health is an adaptive state unique to each person. This subjective state must be
distinguished from the objective state of disease. The experience of health and illness (or …

Stress has been implicated as a risk factor for most diseases, but a mechanistic explanation
behind such associations remains elusive. As emergent responses to stress, adaptations …

We draw on the theory of allostasis to develop an integrative model of the current stress
process that highlights the brain as a dynamically adapting interface between the changing …

The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation because it perceives what is
threatening and determines behavioral and physiological responses. Brain circuits are …

Research over the past several decades has documented psychosocial influences on the
development and progression of several major medical illnesses. The field is now …

Stress is how the brain and body respond to any pressure, demand, or upsetting change that
can lead to psychosomatic dysfunction. Stress arises when the demands exceed the …

The relationship between chronic stress and chronic disease (including mental illness) is
well established: HPA-axis hyperactivity leads to hormonal dysregulation of primary …

Stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder and
posttraumatic stress disorder, exact enormous socioeconomic and individual consequences …