Chest pain is one of the most common presentations to the emergency department (ED) and
HEART score (history, ECG, age, risk factors, and cardiac troponin) is recommended for risk …

Biological age may be a more valuable predictor of morbidity and mortality than a person's
chronological age. Mathematical models have been used for decades to predict biological …

Composite outcomes are widely used in clinical research. Existing literature has considered
the pros and cons of composite outcomes in clinical trials, but their extensive use in clinical …

Objective Chest pain is common, and current risk-stratification methods, requiring 12-lead
electrocardiograms (ECGs) and serial biomarker assays, are static and restricted to highly …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the most serious disorders leading to high
mortality rates worldwide. CVDs can be diagnosed and prevented early by identifying risk …

Introduction Patients presenting to EDs with chest pain of possible cardiac origin represent a
substantial and challenging cohort to risk stratify. Scores such as HE-MACS (History and …

Acute chest pain is a common emergency department (ED) chief complaint. Evaluating
patients for acute coronary syndrome is challenging because missing the diagnosis carries …

Objective The HEART score successfully risk stratifies emergency department (ED) patients
with chest pain in high‐income settings. However, this tool has not been validated in low …

Clinical calculators play a vital role in healthcare by offering accurate evidence-based
predictions for various purposes such as prognosis. Nevertheless, their widespread …

Background The HEART score for risk stratifying chest pain patients in the emergency
department (ED) has been widely adopted in clinical practice, but is often employed with …