To address the growing need for smart and connected devices in the Internet of Things (IoT),
numerous routing algorithms have been developed to optimise communication in wireless …

Since the sensor nodes (SNs) have limited resources, developing an energy-aware routing
method for extending the total lifespan of the network has become one of the most vital …

In recent days, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become an essential technology for the
widest tracking and monitoring applications. Here the deployed sensors collect all …

The research introduces MC-DSR-AHO a routing protocol integrating Markov Chain-based
Dynamic Source Routing (MC-DSR) with Adaptable Hummingbird Optimization (AHO) for …

The rapid expansion of mobile broadband networks and the proliferation of Internet of
Things (IoT) applications have substantially increased data transmission and processing …