Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O_2^-, H2O2 and· OH are highly toxic to cells.
Cellular antioxidant enzymes, and the free-radical scavengers normally protect a cell from …

▪ Abstract Reactive oxygen intermediates are produced in all aerobic organisms during
respiration and exist in the cell in a balance with biochemical antioxidants. Excess reactive …

Up to 2% of the oxygen consumed by the mitochondrial respiratory chain undergoes one
electron reduction, typically by the semiquinone form of coenzyme Q, to generate the …

Strenuous exercise increases oxygen consumption and causes disturbance of intracellular
pro‐oxidant–antioxidant homeostasis. The mitochondrial electron transport chain …

Human diploid fibroblasts eventually lose the capacity to replicate in culture and enter a
viable but nonproliferative state of senescence. Recently, it has been demonstrated that …

Recently, clinical trials of several neurodegenerative diseases have increasingly targeted
the evaluation of the effectiveness of various antioxidants. The results so far are …

Cellular oxidants include a variety of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and chlorinating species. It is
well established that the increase in metabolic rate in skeletal muscle during contractile …

Mitochondrial oxidative damage contributes significantly to a range of human disorders,
including neurodegenerative diseases, ischaemia‐reperfusion injury and ageing …

Nitric oxide (NO) has several essential roles in mammals, but unregulated NO production
can cause cell death through oxidative stress, disrupted energy metabolism, DNA damage …

Proliferating mammalian cells exhibit a broad spectrum of responses to oxidative stress,
depending on the stress level encountered. Very low levels of hydrogen peroxide, eg, 3 to …