Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that are best-known
for their role in host defence from infection. Emerging evidence also suggests that TLRs …

TNF-α is an essential component of the innate defence mechanism of the host against
pathogenic challenge. Unfortunately, it can also play a major role in the pathology of certain …

Chemokines are essential for homeostasis and activation of the immune system. The
chemokine ligand/receptor pairing CCL20/CCR6 is interesting because these molecules …

LL‐37, derived from human cathelicidin, stimulates immune responses in neutrophils.
Although FPR2 and P2X7 were proposed as LL‐37 receptors, we have shown that among …

Dendritic cells are potent antigen-presenting cells endowed with the unique ability to prime
T-cell responses. To present foreign antigens to na¨ ive T cells, dendritic cells must migrate …

Autoimmune pathologies are caused by a breakdown in self-tolerance. Tolerogenic
dendritic cells (tolDC) are a promising immunotherapeutic tool for restoring self-tolerance in …

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have significantly reduced plasma cAMP levels, and the
cAMP level is correlated with the immunopathogenesis of AD. The production of thymus and …

Rapamycin (RAPA), a macrocyclic triene antibiotic pro-drug, is a clinically-utilized 'tolerance-
sparing'immunosuppressant that inhibits the activity of T, B, and NK cells. Furthermore …

Pollen allergy is characterized by a TH 2-biased immune response to pollen-derived
allergens. However, pollen-exposed epithelia do not encounter pure allergen but rather a …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells to initiate immune response
against pathogens, but mechanisms controlling the maturation of DCs are unclear. Here we …