Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system. Accessory
proteins are required for the biosynthesis and activation of TLRs. Here, we summarize …

Invading pathogens have unique molecular signatures that are recognized by Toll‐like
receptors (TLRs) resulting in either activation of antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and/or …

Host protection from infection relies on the recognition of pathogens by innate pattern-
recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Here, we show that the orphan …

Summary Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) is largely responsible for discriminating self from
pathogenic DNA. However, association of host DNA with autoantibodies activates TLR9 …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 is an endosomal TLR that mediates immune responses against
viral infections upon activation by its ligand double-stranded RNA, a replication intermediate …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial infections and trigger innate immune responses.
Among vertebrate TLRs, the role of TLR13 and its ligand are unknown. Here we show that …

The discovery of host‐encoded gene products that sense molecular patterns in infectious
microbes, and the demonstration of their role in triggering innate and adaptive immune …

Bacterial RNA (bRNA) can induce cytokine production in macrophages and dendritic cells
(DCs) through a previously unidentified receptor. Gene expression analysis of murine DCs …

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) causes a spectrum of disease, including herpes
labialis, herpes keratitis, and herpes encephalitis, which can be lethal. Viral recognition by …

Although a great public heath success, vaccines provide suboptimal protection in some
patient populations and are not available to protect against many infectious diseases …