Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects about 1.5% of the
global population over 65 years of age. A hallmark feature of PD is the degeneration of the …

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal adult‐onset neurodegenerative disorder of
uncertain etiology, clinically manifesting with autonomic failure associated with …

The olfactory bulb (OB) is affected early in both P arkinson's (PD) and A lzheimer's disease
(AD), evidenced by the presence of disease‐specific protein aggregates and an early loss of …

The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complex and most likely involves numerous
environmental and heritable risk factors. Recent studies establish that central and peripheral …

Abstract Glycogen synthase kinase‑3 (GSK‑3) is a pleiotropic serine/threonine protein
kinase found in almost all eukaryotes. It is structurally highly conserved and has been …

Neuroinflammation mediated by microglial cells in the brain has been commonly associated
with neurodegenerative diseases. Whether this microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation is …

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain
etiopathogenesis manifesting with autonomic failure, parkinsonism, and ataxia in any …

Isolation of microglia from CNS tissue is a powerful investigative tool used to study microglial
biology ex vivo. The present method details a procedure for isolation of microglia from …

Inflammation has recently been recognized as a significant feature of Parkinson's disease
(PD) pathophysiology, yet its role in limiting or promoting this neurodegenerative …

One of the pathological hallmarks in Parkinson's disease (PD) is the presence of Lewy
Bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs), mainly consisting of the misfolded protein α …