Major complication of heart valve diseases is congestive heart valve failure. The heart is of
essential significance to human beings. Auscultation with a stethoscope is considered as …

Chaotic dynamical systems are pervasive in nature and can be shown to be deterministic
through fractal analysis. There are numerous methods that can be used to estimate the …

Feature extraction becomes an important step before the classification process, it aims to
explore the dynamics of the data contained in the heart sounds. Especially to distinguish …