Asthma and atopy, classically associated with hyper-activation of the T helper 2 (Th2) arm of
adaptive immunity, are among the most common chronic illnesses worldwide. Emerging …

During pregnancy, untreated sexually transmitted or urinary tract infections are associated
with significant morbidity, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and spontaneous …

Results: Compared with children not exposed to antibiotics during the second or third
trimester, those exposed had 84%(33–154%) higher risk of obesity, after multivariable …

Intestinal dysbiosis is now known to be a complication in a myriad of diseases. Fecal
microbiota transplantation (FMT), as a microbiota-target therapy, is arguably very effective …

Background and aims Postnatal maturation of the immune system is largely driven by
exposure to microbes, and thus the nature of intestinal colonization may be associated with …

Infection-related preterm birth (PTB) is more common at early gestational ages and is
associated with major neonatal mortality and morbidity. Abnormal genital tract microflora in …

Modern civilization is faced with a progressive increase in immune-mediated or
inflammatory health problems such as allergic disease, autoimmune disorders, and obesity …

Background Asthma prevalence has doubled in developed countries during the past 30
years. Pre-and perinatal events are essential in shaping the development of the immune …

Food allergy, defined as an adverse, immune-mediated reaction to a food that is
reproducible on a subsequent exposure, 1 affects nearly 5% of all adults 2 and up to 8% of …

The immune system influences brain development and function. Hygiene and other early
childhood influences impact the subsequent function of the immune system during …