Objectives This review examines the pharmacokinetics, modes of action and therapeutic
properties of the anti-malarial drugs, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ), in …

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells formed mainly on bone surfaces in response to
cytokines by fusion of bone marrow-derived myeloid lineage precursors that circulate in the …

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial drug also used in treating autoimmune
diseases. Its antiviral activity was demonstrated in restricting HIV infection in vitro; however …

Lupus nephritis is a common and severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus,
and an important cause of both acute kidney injury and end-stage renal disease. Despite its …

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is one of the drugs frequently used for the treatment of interstitial
lung disease (ILD) in children (chILD). This use is off‐label and studies to analyze the effect …

Background Microglial activation is thought to be a key pathophysiological mechanism
underlying disease activity in all forms of MS. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease characterized
by the generation of immune responses to self-antigens. Lupus nephritis is one of the most …

mTOR inhibitors are used to treat metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC), but most patients
eventually become resistant. One possible mechanism for resistance is upregulation of …

A sensitive electrochemical method based on adsorptive stripping differential pulse
voltammetry (AdSDPV) developed for the determination of an antimalarial drug …

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy can result in permanent vision loss. In early stages
of HCQ retinopathy, patients are usually asymptomatic with preservation of visual acuity. We …