Rubella remains an important pathogen worldwide, with roughly 100 000 cases of
congenital rubella syndrome estimated to occur every year. Rubella-containing vaccine is …

The immune system is a network of specialized cell types and tissues that communicates via
cytokines and direct contact, to orchestrate specific types of defensive responses. Until …

Despite the existence of an effective measles vaccine, resurgence in measles cases in the
USA and across Europe has occurred, including in individuals vaccinated with two doses of …

Vaccines have revolutionized modern public health. The effectiveness of some vaccines is
limited by the variation in response observed between individuals and across populations …

Immunological memory, which protects organisms from re-infection, is a hallmark of the
mammalian adaptive immune system and the underlying principle of vaccination. In early …

A number of factors are recognized to influence immune responses to vaccinations including
age, gender, the dose, and quality of the antigen used, the number of doses given, the route …

The observed heterogeneity in rubella-specific immune response phenotypes post-MMR
vaccination is thought to be explained, in part, by inter-individual genetic variation. In this …

Meningococcal meningitis represents one of the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in
developed countries. Among the thirteen described serogroups, only five are usually …

Until now, the occurrence of adverse reactions among individuals inoculated with identical
vaccines has been ascribed to unpredictable stochastic processes. Recent advances in …

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious healthcare concern affecting millions of people around
the world. Antiviral resistance has been viewed as a lesser threat than antibiotic resistance …