Two decades of clinical experience with immunomodulatory treatments for multiple sclerosis
point to distinct immunological pathways that drive disease relapses and progression. In …

A better understanding of the pathological mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration in
individuals with multiple sclerosis is needed to develop therapies that will effectively treat …

Genome-wide association studies have identified loci underlying human diseases, but the
causal nucleotide changes and mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we developed a …

Abstract The cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) was thought to have a central role in T cell–
mediated responses in inflammation for more than a decade after it was first identified …

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the CNS that leads to substantial disability in most
patients. The early phase is characterised by relapses and the later phase by progressive …

Background Observational studies have demonstrated an association between decreased
vitamin D level and risk of multiple sclerosis (MS); however, it remains unclear whether this …

Association studies have greatly refined the understanding of how variation within the
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes influences risk of multiple sclerosis. However, the …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been thought to be a complex and indecipherable disease, and
poorly understood with regards to aetiology. Here, we suggest an emphatically positive view …

Most variants implicated in common human disease by genome-wide association studies
(GWAS) lie in noncoding sequence intervals. Despite the suggestion that regulatory element …

Seasonal changes in disease activity have been observed in multiple sclerosis, an
autoimmune disorder that affects the CNS. These epidemiological observations suggest that …