Although the origins of antipsychotic pharmacology began with the search for compounds to
improve anesthesia, clinicians reported unusual “psychic indifference” as the defining effect …

Background Lithium is a first-line treatment in bipolar disorder, but individual response is
variable. Previous studies have suggested that lithium response is a heritable trait. However …

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious and potentially irreversible side effect of long-term
exposure to antipsychotic medication characterized by involuntary trunk, limb and orofacial …

Objective: The authors compared the effectiveness of initiating treatment with either
clozapine or a standard antipsychotic among adults with evidence of treatment-resistant …

The pathophysiology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may involve the
neuroinflammation mediated by cytokines. This study examined the IL-18 levels, the …

This study investigated whether the risk of presenting antipsychotic (AP)-induced
extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) could be related to single-nucleotide polymorphisms …

Mental disorders represent a major public health burden worldwide. This is likely to rise in
the next decade, with the highest increases predicted to occur in low-and middle-income …

Background Although antipsychotics are integral to the treatment of schizophrenia, drug
efficacy varies between patients. Although it has been shown that antipsychotic treatment …

Treatment with antipsychotics is marred by frequent failure and adverse reactions. About a
third of treated patients will not improve adequately, and more than 60% will develop severe …

Response to pharmacotherapy is highly variable, complex and difficult to predict. Genetic
factors influence, at least partially, clinical response to drugs. It has been proposed that the …